in the context of a group or set of nodes or computers communicating to each other for cooperation, coordination, and collaboration in the application development process at the business intelligence process.
Centralized Systems: Complete reliance on a single point.
- There is a central coordination system, and these nodes can communicate with the other nodes via the central coordination system. However, the major problem is that the entire nodes will be disconnected if the central coordination platform fails. Thus, it suffers from a single point of failure.
Decentralized Systems: Multiple points of coordination.
- There are few central coordinators rather than a single coordinator, and all these coordinators cooperate, and the individual nodes are connected to these coordinators. If a particular coordinator fails in this particular architecture, service will still be accessible by another coordinator. This architecture still tolerates multiple numbers of failures until the network becomes disconnected.
Distributed Systems:
- In this system, everyone collectively executes the job. It has a complete distributed architecture without any centralized coordinator. All the nodes participate in the computation or the information sharing processes or in the application development. They coordinate with each other and collectively develop the application or collectively share the information among themselves.
Pros And Cons Of Centralized, Decentralized & Distributed Systems
Maintenance/Points of Failure
- Centralized systems are easy to maintain as there is only a single point of failure.
- Decentralized have more but still finite numbers of failures.
- Distributed systems are the most difficult to maintain.
Fault Tolerance/Stability
- Centralized systems can be highly unstable and intolerable due to single-point failure may ruin the whole working system.
- Decentralized systems are stable systems compared to centralized systems as if the leader’s failure in decentralized doesn’t harm the rest of the system. Still, we will have a stable network working in synchronization.
- Distributed systems are much more stable, and a single point of failure doesn’t do much harm.
Ease of Development/Creation
- Centralized systems can be created rapidly, and an easy way has to build a central server for commanding/managing the connected components.
- For Decentralized and Distributed systems, one has to first work out the lower-level details like resource sharing (Hardware/Software), trade (Transaction), and communications (Network), and it imposes a certain level of difficulty in maintaining these systems to its coherent state.
Max Number of Users Added to the System/Scalability
- Centralized systems: Low scalability
- Decentralized systems: Moderate
- Distributed systems: Infinite
Diversity / Evolution
- As centralized systems shadow a single framework, they don’t have diversity and grow gradually.
- But for distributed systems and decentralized systems, once the elementary infrastructure is in place, evolution is remarkable.
References:
- NPTEL lecture series on Blockchains Architecture, Design and Use Cases by Prof. Sandip Chakraborty, IITK.
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockchain
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